Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Community Comparison

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Immigrants from Bulgaria
Race
Ancestry
AfghanAfricanAlaska NativeAlaskan AthabascanAlbanianAleutAlsatianAmericanApacheArabArapahoArgentineanArmenianAssyrian/Chaldean/SyriacAustralianAustrianBahamianBangladeshiBarbadianBasqueBelgianBelizeanBermudanBhutaneseBlackfeetBolivianBrazilianBritishBritish West IndianBurmeseCajunCambodianCanadianCape VerdeanCarpatho RusynCelticCentral AmericanCentral American IndianCherokeeCheyenneChickasawChileanChineseChippewaChoctawColombianComancheCosta RicanCreeCreekCroatianCrowCubanCypriotCzechCzechoslovakianDanishDelawareDominicanDutchDutch West IndianEastern EuropeanEcuadorianEgyptianEnglishEstonianEthiopianEuropeanFijianFilipinoFinnishFrenchFrench American IndianFrench CanadianGermanGerman RussianGhanaianGreekGuamanian/ChamorroGuatemalanGuyaneseHaitianHmongHonduranHopiHoumaHungarianIcelanderIndian (Asian)IndonesianInupiatIranianIraqiIrishIroquoisIsraeliItalianJamaicanJapaneseJordanianKenyanKiowaKoreanLaotianLatvianLebaneseLiberianLithuanianLumbeeLuxembourgerMacedonianMalaysianMalteseMarshalleseMenomineeMexicanMexican American IndianMongolianMoroccanNative HawaiianNavajoNepaleseNew ZealanderNicaraguanNigerianNorthern EuropeanNorwegianOkinawanOsageOttawaPaiutePakistaniPalestinianPanamanianParaguayanPennsylvania GermanPeruvianPimaPolishPortuguesePotawatomiPuebloPuerto RicanPuget Sound SalishRomanianRussianSalvadoranSamoanScandinavianScotch-IrishScottishSeminoleSenegaleseSerbianShoshoneSierra LeoneanSiouxSlavicSlovakSloveneSomaliSouth AfricanSouth AmericanSouth American IndianSoviet UnionSpaniardSpanishSpanish AmericanSpanish American IndianSri LankanSubsaharan AfricanSudaneseSwedishSwissSyrianTaiwaneseThaiTlingit-HaidaTohono O'OdhamTonganTrinidadian and TobagonianTsimshianTurkishU.S. Virgin IslanderUgandanUkrainianUruguayanUteVenezuelanVietnameseWelshWest IndianYakamaYaquiYugoslavianYumanYup'ikZimbabwean
Immigration
NonimmigrantsImmigrantsAfghanistanAfricaAlbaniaArgentinaArmeniaAsiaAustraliaAustriaBahamasBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBrazilBulgariaBurma/MyanmarCabo VerdeCambodiaCameroonCanadaCaribbeanCentral AmericaChileChinaColombiaCongoCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCzechoslovakiaDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicEastern AfricaEastern AsiaEastern EuropeEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEnglandEritreaEthiopiaEuropeFijiFranceGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong KongHungaryIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKoreaKuwaitLaosLatin AmericaLatviaLebanonLiberiaLithuaniaMalaysiaMexicoMicronesiaMiddle AfricaMoldovaMoroccoNepalNetherlandsNicaraguaNigeriaNorth AmericaNorth MacedoniaNorthern AfricaNorthern EuropeNorwayOceaniaPakistanPanamaPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSaudi ArabiaScotlandSenegalSerbiaSierra LeoneSingaporeSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth AmericaSouth Central AsiaSouth Eastern AsiaSouthern EuropeSpainSri LankaSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesSudanSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanThailandTrinidad and TobagoTurkeyUgandaUkraineUruguayUzbekistanVenezuelaVietnamWest IndiesWestern AfricaWestern AsiaWestern EuropeYemenZaireZimbabweAzores
Bulgarian
Race
Ancestry
AfghanAfricanAlaska NativeAlaskan AthabascanAlbanianAleutAlsatianAmericanApacheArabArapahoArgentineanArmenianAssyrian/Chaldean/SyriacAustralianAustrianBahamianBangladeshiBarbadianBasqueBelgianBelizeanBermudanBhutaneseBlackfeetBolivianBrazilianBritishBritish West IndianBulgarianBurmeseCajunCambodianCanadianCape VerdeanCarpatho RusynCelticCentral AmericanCentral American IndianCherokeeCheyenneChickasawChileanChineseChippewaChoctawColombianColvilleComancheCosta RicanCreeCreekCroatianCrowCubanCypriotCzechCzechoslovakianDanishDelawareDominicanDutchDutch West IndianEastern EuropeanEcuadorianEgyptianEnglishEstonianEthiopianEuropeanFijianFilipinoFinnishFrenchFrench American IndianFrench CanadianGermanGerman RussianGhanaianGreekGuamanian/ChamorroGuatemalanGuyaneseHaitianHmongHonduranHopiHoumaHungarianIcelanderIndian (Asian)IndonesianInupiatIranianIraqiIrishIroquoisIsraeliItalianJamaicanJapaneseJordanianKenyanKiowaKoreanLaotianLatvianLebaneseLiberianLithuanianLumbeeLuxembourgerMacedonianMalaysianMalteseMarshalleseMenomineeMexicanMexican American IndianMongolianMoroccanNative HawaiianNavajoNepaleseNew ZealanderNicaraguanNigerianNorthern EuropeanNorwegianOkinawanOsageOttawaPaiutePakistaniPalestinianPanamanianParaguayanPennsylvania GermanPeruvianPimaPolishPortuguesePotawatomiPuebloPuerto RicanPuget Sound SalishRomanianRussianSalvadoranSamoanScandinavianScotch-IrishScottishSeminoleSenegaleseSerbianShoshoneSierra LeoneanSiouxSlavicSlovakSloveneSomaliSouth AfricanSouth AmericanSouth American IndianSoviet UnionSpaniardSpanishSpanish AmericanSpanish American IndianSri LankanSubsaharan AfricanSudaneseSwedishSwissSyrianTaiwaneseThaiTlingit-HaidaTohono O'OdhamTonganTrinidadian and TobagonianTsimshianTurkishU.S. Virgin IslanderUgandanUkrainianUruguayanUteVenezuelanVietnameseWelshWest IndianYakamaYaquiYugoslavianYumanYup'ikZimbabwean
Immigration
NonimmigrantsImmigrantsAfghanistanAfricaAlbaniaArgentinaArmeniaAsiaAustraliaAustriaBahamasBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBrazilBurma/MyanmarCabo VerdeCambodiaCameroonCanadaCaribbeanCentral AmericaChileChinaColombiaCongoCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCzechoslovakiaDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicEastern AfricaEastern AsiaEastern EuropeEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEnglandEritreaEthiopiaEuropeFijiFranceGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong KongHungaryIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKoreaKuwaitLaosLatin AmericaLatviaLebanonLiberiaLithuaniaMalaysiaMexicoMicronesiaMiddle AfricaMoldovaMoroccoNepalNetherlandsNicaraguaNigeriaNorth AmericaNorth MacedoniaNorthern AfricaNorthern EuropeNorwayOceaniaPakistanPanamaPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSaudi ArabiaScotlandSenegalSerbiaSierra LeoneSingaporeSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth AmericaSouth Central AsiaSouth Eastern AsiaSouthern EuropeSpainSri LankaSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesSudanSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanThailandTrinidad and TobagoTurkeyUgandaUkraineUruguayUzbekistanVenezuelaVietnamWest IndiesWestern AfricaWestern AsiaWestern EuropeYemenZaireZimbabweAzores
Social Comparison
Social Comparison
Income
Poverty
Unemployment
Labor Participation
Family Structure
Vehicle Availability
Education Level
Disability

Social Comparison

Immigrants from Bulgaria

Bulgarians

Exceptional
Exceptional
9,663
SOCIAL INDEX
94.1/ 100
SOCIAL RATING
9th/ 347
SOCIAL RANK
9,824
SOCIAL INDEX
95.7/ 100
SOCIAL RATING
7th/ 347
SOCIAL RANK

Bulgarian Integration in Immigrants from Bulgaria Communities

The statistical analysis conducted on geographies consisting of 162,456,917 people shows a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of Bulgarians within Immigrant from Bulgaria communities in the United States with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.850. On average, for every 1% (one percent) increase in Immigrants from Bulgaria within a typical geography, there is an increase of 0.811% in Bulgarians. To illustrate, in a geography comprising of 100,000 individuals, a rise of 1,000 Immigrants from Bulgaria corresponds to an increase of 811.4 Bulgarians.
Immigrants from Bulgaria Integration in Bulgarian Communities

Difference between Bulgarian Ancestry and Immigrants from Bulgaria

While Bulgarian ancestry and immigrants from Bulgaria may have similarities, there are subtle differences that set them apart.

Bulgarian Ancestry

Bulgarian ancestry refers to a person's genetic, cultural, and historical connection to Bulgaria through their family lineage. This means that the person has Bulgarian heritage and is likely to share some characteristics and cultural traits that are associated with Bulgaria, such as language, customs, and traditions. It is possible to have Bulgarian ancestry without being an immigrant from Bulgaria.

Immigrant from Bulgaria

On the other hand, an immigrant from Bulgaria is a person who has moved from Bulgaria to the United States, with the intention of settling there. This person has left their country of origin and has become a citizen or resident of the United States. An immigrant from Bulgaria may or may not have Bulgarian ancestry, and their cultural background and identity may be influenced by a combination of their Bulgarian heritage and the culture of the United States.

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Income

When considering income, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in wage/income gap (26.3% compared to 27.8%, a difference of 5.9%), householder income ages 45 - 64 years ($109,379 compared to $113,883, a difference of 4.1%), and median family income ($113,461 compared to $117,818, a difference of 3.8%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of median female earnings ($43,085 compared to $43,638, a difference of 1.3%), householder income under 25 years ($53,305 compared to $54,352, a difference of 2.0%), and median earnings ($51,318 compared to $52,512, a difference of 2.3%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Income
Income MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
Per Capita Income
Exceptional
$49,482
Exceptional
$50,906
Median Family Income
Exceptional
$113,461
Exceptional
$117,818
Median Household Income
Exceptional
$93,148
Exceptional
$96,290
Median Earnings
Exceptional
$51,318
Exceptional
$52,512
Median Male Earnings
Exceptional
$60,358
Exceptional
$62,378
Median Female Earnings
Exceptional
$43,085
Exceptional
$43,638
Householder Age | Under 25 years
Exceptional
$53,305
Exceptional
$54,352
Householder Age | 25 - 44 years
Exceptional
$103,423
Exceptional
$107,264
Householder Age | 45 - 64 years
Exceptional
$109,379
Exceptional
$113,883
Householder Age | Over 65 years
Exceptional
$64,379
Exceptional
$66,236
Wage/Income Gap
Fair
26.3%
Tragic
27.8%

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Poverty

When considering poverty, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in married-couple family poverty (4.4% compared to 4.0%, a difference of 10.8%), child poverty under the age of 16 (14.3% compared to 13.0%, a difference of 10.2%), and family poverty (7.8% compared to 7.1%, a difference of 10.1%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of single male poverty (11.6% compared to 11.7%, a difference of 0.87%), single female poverty (19.1% compared to 18.8%, a difference of 1.9%), and single mother poverty (27.1% compared to 26.5%, a difference of 2.2%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Poverty
Poverty MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
Poverty
Exceptional
11.1%
Exceptional
10.2%
Families
Exceptional
7.8%
Exceptional
7.1%
Males
Exceptional
10.1%
Exceptional
9.3%
Females
Exceptional
12.0%
Exceptional
11.1%
Females 18 to 24 years
Exceptional
18.6%
Exceptional
18.1%
Females 25 to 34 years
Exceptional
11.8%
Exceptional
11.5%
Children Under 5 years
Exceptional
14.8%
Exceptional
13.9%
Children Under 16 years
Exceptional
14.3%
Exceptional
13.0%
Boys Under 16 years
Exceptional
14.5%
Exceptional
13.3%
Girls Under 16 years
Exceptional
14.4%
Exceptional
13.1%
Single Males
Exceptional
11.6%
Exceptional
11.7%
Single Females
Exceptional
19.1%
Exceptional
18.8%
Single Fathers
Exceptional
15.0%
Exceptional
15.8%
Single Mothers
Exceptional
27.1%
Exceptional
26.5%
Married Couples
Exceptional
4.4%
Exceptional
4.0%
Seniors Over 65 years
Exceptional
10.1%
Exceptional
9.3%
Seniors Over 75 years
Exceptional
11.5%
Exceptional
10.7%
Receiving Food Stamps
Exceptional
9.8%
Exceptional
8.9%

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Unemployment

When considering unemployment, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in unemployment among seniors over 75 years (8.5% compared to 9.4%, a difference of 11.0%), unemployment among women with children under 18 years (5.1% compared to 4.8%, a difference of 6.2%), and unemployment among women with children ages 6 to 17 years (8.1% compared to 8.4%, a difference of 4.6%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of unemployment among ages 20 to 24 years (9.9% compared to 9.9%, a difference of 0.77%), unemployment among ages 60 to 64 years (4.7% compared to 4.7%, a difference of 0.95%), and unemployment among ages 30 to 34 years (4.8% compared to 4.7%, a difference of 2.0%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Unemployment
Unemployment MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
Unemployment
Exceptional
4.9%
Exceptional
4.7%
Males
Exceptional
5.0%
Exceptional
4.8%
Females
Exceptional
4.9%
Exceptional
4.7%
Youth < 25
Exceptional
11.2%
Exceptional
10.9%
Age | 16 to 19 years
Exceptional
17.0%
Exceptional
16.3%
Age | 20 to 24 years
Exceptional
9.9%
Exceptional
9.9%
Age | 25 to 29 years
Exceptional
5.9%
Exceptional
6.1%
Age | 30 to 34 years
Exceptional
4.8%
Exceptional
4.7%
Age | 35 to 44 years
Exceptional
4.4%
Exceptional
4.3%
Age | 45 to 54 years
Exceptional
4.2%
Exceptional
4.1%
Age | 55 to 59 years
Exceptional
4.5%
Exceptional
4.3%
Age | 60 to 64 years
Exceptional
4.7%
Exceptional
4.7%
Age | 65 to 74 years
Exceptional
5.1%
Exceptional
5.0%
Seniors > 65
Exceptional
5.0%
Exceptional
4.8%
Seniors > 75
Excellent
8.5%
Tragic
9.4%
Women w/ Children < 6
Exceptional
6.3%
Exceptional
6.5%
Women w/ Children 6 to 17
Exceptional
8.1%
Exceptional
8.4%
Women w/ Children < 18
Exceptional
5.1%
Exceptional
4.8%

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Labor Participation

When considering labor participation, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in in labor force | age 16-19 (37.3% compared to 38.3%, a difference of 2.9%), in labor force | age 20-24 (75.8% compared to 76.4%, a difference of 0.74%), and in labor force | age 45-54 (83.8% compared to 84.2%, a difference of 0.48%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of in labor force | age 30-34 (86.0% compared to 86.0%, a difference of 0.0%), in labor force | age 20-64 (81.0% compared to 81.1%, a difference of 0.12%), and in labor force | age 25-29 (85.8% compared to 86.0%, a difference of 0.21%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Labor Participation
Labor Participation MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
In Labor Force | Age > 16
Exceptional
66.6%
Exceptional
66.4%
In Labor Force | Age 20-64
Exceptional
81.0%
Exceptional
81.1%
In Labor Force | Age 16-19
Excellent
37.3%
Exceptional
38.3%
In Labor Force | Age 20-24
Exceptional
75.8%
Exceptional
76.4%
In Labor Force | Age 25-29
Exceptional
85.8%
Exceptional
86.0%
In Labor Force | Age 30-34
Exceptional
86.0%
Exceptional
86.0%
In Labor Force | Age 35-44
Exceptional
85.2%
Exceptional
85.5%
In Labor Force | Age 45-54
Exceptional
83.8%
Exceptional
84.2%

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Family Structure

When considering family structure, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in single mother households (5.6% compared to 5.3%, a difference of 5.3%), married-couple households (47.0% compared to 48.5%, a difference of 3.2%), and currently married (47.9% compared to 49.1%, a difference of 2.6%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of divorced or separated (11.5% compared to 11.5%, a difference of 0.020%), family households with children (26.9% compared to 27.0%, a difference of 0.33%), and family households (63.0% compared to 63.6%, a difference of 0.99%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Family Structure
Family Structure MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
Family Households
Tragic
63.0%
Tragic
63.6%
Family Households with Children
Tragic
26.9%
Tragic
27.0%
Married-couple Households
Good
47.0%
Exceptional
48.5%
Average Family Size
Tragic
3.16
Tragic
3.13
Single Father Households
Exceptional
2.0%
Exceptional
2.0%
Single Mother Households
Exceptional
5.6%
Exceptional
5.3%
Currently Married
Exceptional
47.9%
Exceptional
49.1%
Divorced or Separated
Exceptional
11.5%
Exceptional
11.5%
Births to Unmarried Women
Exceptional
27.6%
Exceptional
27.1%

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Vehicle Availability

When considering vehicle availability, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in no vehicles in household (10.5% compared to 9.0%, a difference of 17.1%), 3 or more vehicles in household (17.7% compared to 18.8%, a difference of 6.1%), and 4 or more vehicles in household (5.5% compared to 5.8%, a difference of 5.4%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of 1 or more vehicles in household (89.6% compared to 91.1%, a difference of 1.7%), 2 or more vehicles in household (54.3% compared to 56.5%, a difference of 4.2%), and 4 or more vehicles in household (5.5% compared to 5.8%, a difference of 5.4%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Vehicle Availability
Vehicle Availability MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
No Vehicles Available
Average
10.5%
Exceptional
9.0%
1+ Vehicles Available
Average
89.6%
Exceptional
91.1%
2+ Vehicles Available
Poor
54.3%
Excellent
56.5%
3+ Vehicles Available
Tragic
17.7%
Poor
18.8%
4+ Vehicles Available
Tragic
5.5%
Tragic
5.8%

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Education Level

When considering education level, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in no schooling completed (1.9% compared to 1.6%, a difference of 17.0%), doctorate degree (2.3% compared to 2.4%, a difference of 5.9%), and professional degree (5.5% compared to 5.7%, a difference of 3.5%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of nursery school (98.1% compared to 98.4%, a difference of 0.29%), kindergarten (98.1% compared to 98.4%, a difference of 0.30%), and 1st grade (98.1% compared to 98.4%, a difference of 0.30%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Education Level
Education Level MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
No Schooling Completed
Exceptional
1.9%
Exceptional
1.6%
Nursery School
Excellent
98.1%
Exceptional
98.4%
Kindergarten
Excellent
98.1%
Exceptional
98.4%
1st Grade
Excellent
98.1%
Exceptional
98.4%
2nd Grade
Excellent
98.0%
Exceptional
98.3%
3rd Grade
Excellent
97.9%
Exceptional
98.3%
4th Grade
Exceptional
97.7%
Exceptional
98.1%
5th Grade
Exceptional
97.6%
Exceptional
98.0%
6th Grade
Exceptional
97.3%
Exceptional
97.8%
7th Grade
Exceptional
96.4%
Exceptional
97.1%
8th Grade
Exceptional
96.2%
Exceptional
96.9%
9th Grade
Exceptional
95.5%
Exceptional
96.2%
10th Grade
Exceptional
94.6%
Exceptional
95.4%
11th Grade
Exceptional
93.6%
Exceptional
94.5%
12th Grade, No Diploma
Exceptional
92.5%
Exceptional
93.5%
High School Diploma
Exceptional
90.6%
Exceptional
91.8%
GED/Equivalency
Exceptional
87.8%
Exceptional
89.0%
College, Under 1 year
Exceptional
70.0%
Exceptional
71.1%
College, 1 year or more
Exceptional
64.6%
Exceptional
65.5%
Associate's Degree
Exceptional
52.4%
Exceptional
53.3%
Bachelor's Degree
Exceptional
44.6%
Exceptional
45.3%
Master's Degree
Exceptional
18.3%
Exceptional
18.8%
Professional Degree
Exceptional
5.5%
Exceptional
5.7%
Doctorate Degree
Exceptional
2.3%
Exceptional
2.4%

Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Disability

When considering disability, the most significant differences between Immigrants from Bulgaria and Bulgarian communities in the United States are seen in disability age under 5 (1.1% compared to 1.3%, a difference of 20.6%), hearing disability (2.9% compared to 3.0%, a difference of 4.3%), and disability age 18 to 34 (6.2% compared to 6.5%, a difference of 3.6%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of disability (10.9% compared to 11.0%, a difference of 0.26%), female disability (11.4% compared to 11.3%, a difference of 0.57%), and ambulatory disability (5.6% compared to 5.6%, a difference of 0.66%).
Immigrants from Bulgaria vs Bulgarian Disability
Disability MetricImmigrants from BulgariaBulgarian
Disability
Exceptional
10.9%
Exceptional
11.0%
Males
Exceptional
10.5%
Exceptional
10.6%
Females
Exceptional
11.4%
Exceptional
11.3%
Age | Under 5 years
Exceptional
1.1%
Poor
1.3%
Age | 5 to 17 years
Exceptional
5.4%
Exceptional
5.2%
Age | 18 to 34 years
Exceptional
6.2%
Good
6.5%
Age | 35 to 64 years
Exceptional
9.8%
Exceptional
9.7%
Age | 65 to 74 years
Exceptional
21.4%
Exceptional
21.1%
Age | Over 75 years
Exceptional
45.5%
Exceptional
45.1%
Vision
Exceptional
2.0%
Exceptional
1.9%
Hearing
Good
2.9%
Fair
3.0%
Cognitive
Exceptional
16.7%
Exceptional
16.3%
Ambulatory
Exceptional
5.6%
Exceptional
5.6%
Self-Care
Exceptional
2.3%
Exceptional
2.2%